Understanding SC Success Criterion 2.4.2: Page Titled (Level A)

Intent

The intent of this Success Criterion is to help users find content and orient themselves within it by ensuring that each Web page has a descriptive title. Titles identify the current location without requiring users to read or interpret page content. When titles appear in site maps or lists of search results, users can more quickly identify the content they need. User agents make the title of the page easily available to the user for identifying the page. For instance, a user agent may display the page title in the window title bar or as the name of the tab containing the page.

In cases where the page is a document or a web application, the name of the document or web application would be sufficient to describe the purpose of the page. Note that it is not required to use the name of the document or web application; other things may also describe the purpose or the topic of the page.

Success Criteria 2.4.4 and 2.4.9 deal with the purpose of links, many of which are links to web pages. Here also, the name of a document or web application being linked to would be sufficient to describe the purpose of the link. Having the link and the title agree, or be very similar, is good practice and provides continuity between the link 'clicked on' and the web page that the user lands on.

Benefits

• This criterion benefits all users in allowing users to quickly and easily identify whether the information contained in the Web page is relevant to their needs.
• People with visual disabilities will benefit from being able to differentiate content when multiple Web pages are open.
• People with cognitive disabilities, limited short-term memory and reading disabilities also benefit from the ability to identify content by its title.
• This criterion also benefits people with severe mobility impairments whose mode of operation relies on audio when navigating between Web pages.

Examples

• An HTML Web page

  The descriptive title of an HTML Web page is marked up with the <title> element so that it will be displayed in the title bar of the user agent.

• A document collection.

  The title of Understanding WCAG 2.1 is "Understanding WCAG 2.1."

  • The introduction page has the title "Introduction to Understanding WCAG 2.0."
  • Major sections of the document are pages titled "Understanding Guideline X" and "Understanding Success Criterion X."
  • Appendix A has the title "Glossary."
  • Appendix B has the title "Acknowledgements."
  • Appendix C has the title "References."

• A Web application.

  A banking application lets a user inspect his bank accounts, view past statements, and perform transactions. The Web application dynamically generates titles for each Web page, e.g., "Bank XYZ, accounts for John Smith" "Bank XYZ, December 2005 statement for Account 1234-5678".

Related Resources

Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied.

• Writing Better Web Page Titles . How to write titles for Web pages that will enhance search engine effectiveness.
• Guidelines for Accessible and Usable Web Sites: Observing Users Who Work With Screen Readers (PDF) . Theofanos, M.F., and Redish, J. (2003). Interactions, Volume X, Issue 6, November-December 2003, pages 38-51, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/947226.947227 http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=947226.947227

Techniques

Each numbered item in this section represents a technique or combination of techniques that the WCAG Working Group deems sufficient for meeting this Success Criterion. However, it is not necessary to use these particular techniques. For information on using other techniques, see Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria , particularly the "Other Techniques" section.

Key Terms ACT Rules

The distinction between mainstream user agents and assistive technologies is not absolute. Many mainstream user agents provide some features to assist individuals with disabilities. The basic difference is that mainstream user agents target broad and diverse audiences that usually include people with and without disabilities. Assistive technologies target narrowly defined populations of users with specific disabilities. The assistance provided by Each numbered item in this section represents an assistive technology is more specific and appropriate to the needs of its target users. The mainstream user agent may provide important functionality to assistive technologies like retrieving Web content from program objects or parsing markup into identifiable bundles. Assistive technologies ACT Rule that are important in the context WCAG Working Group deems appropriate for testing certain aspects of this document include the following: screen magnifiers, and other visual reading assistants, which are used by people with visual, perceptual and physical print disabilities to change text font, size, spacing, color, synchronization with speech, etc. in order to improve the visual readability of rendered text and images; screen readers, which are used by people who are blind to read textual information through synthesized speech or braille; text-to-speech software, which Success Criterion. However, it is used by some people with cognitive, language, and learning disabilities to convert text into synthetic speech; speech recognition software, which may be used by people who have some physical disabilities; alternative keyboards, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities not necessary to simulate the keyboard (including alternate keyboards that use head pointers, single switches, sip/puff and other special input devices.); alternative pointing devices, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities these particular ACT Rules to simulate mouse pointing and button activations. user agent any software that retrieves and presents Web content check for users Web browsers, media players, plug-ins, and other programs — including assistive technologies — that help in retrieving, rendering, and interacting conformance with Web content. WCAG. For information on using ACT Rules, see Understanding ACT Rules for WCAG Success Criteria .

1. HTML page has title

Key Terms